{"id":10313,"date":"2026-08-14T02:15:07","date_gmt":"2026-08-13T23:15:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/erasmus.cumhuriyet.edu.tr\/?page_id=10313"},"modified":"2026-08-14T02:28:36","modified_gmt":"2026-08-13T23:28:36","slug":"bologna-process-ects","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/erasmus.cumhuriyet.edu.tr\/en\/erasmus\/outgoing\/student\/bologna-process-ects\/","title":{"rendered":"Bologna Process and ECTS"},"content":{"rendered":"<style data-wp-block-html=\"css\">\n\/* ============================================================\n   SC\u00dc \u2013 BOLOGNA S\u00dcREC\u0130 VE AKTS\n============================================================ *\/\n\n.scu-bologna-page {\n  width: 100%;\n  max-width: 1290px;\n  margin: 0 auto;\n  padding: 0;\n  box-sizing: border-box;\n  font-family: inherit;\n}\n\n.scu-bologna-page *,\n.scu-bologna-page *::before,\n.scu-bologna-page *::after {\n  box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\n.scu-bologna-page a {\n  text-decoration: none !important;\n}\n\n.scu-bologna-anchor {\n  scroll-margin-top: 110px;\n}\n\n\n\/* ============================================================\n   HERO\n============================================================ *\/\n\n.scu-bologna-hero {\n  position: relative;\n  overflow: hidden;\n\n  margin-bottom: 26px;\n  padding: 40px;\n\n  color: #fff;\n\n  background:\n    linear-gradient(\n      135deg,\n      #17357f 0%,\n      #2444b8 100%\n    );\n\n  border-radius: 24px;\n\n  box-shadow:\n    0 14px 35px\n    rgba(20, 38, 86, .14);\n}\n\n.scu-bologna-hero::before,\n.scu-bologna-hero::after {\n  content: \"\";\n  position: absolute;\n  pointer-events: none;\n  border-radius: 50%;\n}\n\n.scu-bologna-hero::before {\n  width: 340px;\n  height: 340px;\n\n  right: -130px;\n  top: -155px;\n\n  background:\n    rgba(255, 255, 255, .08);\n}\n\n.scu-bologna-hero::after {\n  width: 185px;\n  height: 185px;\n\n  right: 185px;\n  bottom: -115px;\n\n  background:\n    rgba(255, 255, 255, .055);\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-eyebrow {\n  display: block;\n\n  margin-bottom: 7px;\n\n  color: #ef3e5a;\n\n  font-size: 13px;\n  line-height: 1.35;\n  font-weight: 600;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-hero .scu-bologna-eyebrow {\n  color:\n    rgba(255, 255, 255, .82);\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-hero h1 {\n  position: relative;\n  z-index: 2;\n\n  margin: 0;\n\n  color: #fff;\n\n  font-size: 38px;\n  line-height: 1.16;\n  font-weight: 600;\n\n  letter-spacing: -.025em;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-hero-description {\n  position: relative;\n  z-index: 2;\n\n  max-width: 980px;\n\n  margin: 15px 0 0;\n\n  color:\n    rgba(255, 255, 255, .86);\n\n  font-size: 15.5px;\n  line-height: 1.72;\n}\n\n\n\/* ============================================================\n   HERO HIGHLIGHTS\n============================================================ *\/\n\n.scu-bologna-hero-highlights {\n  position: relative;\n  z-index: 2;\n\n  display: grid;\n  grid-template-columns:\n    repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr));\n\n  gap: 10px;\n\n  margin-top: 26px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-hero-highlight {\n  display: flex;\n  align-items: center;\n\n  gap: 11px;\n\n  min-width: 0;\n\n  padding: 12px 13px;\n\n  background:\n    rgba(255, 255, 255, .10);\n\n  border:\n    1px solid\n    rgba(255, 255, 255, .16);\n\n  border-radius: 13px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-hero-highlight > i {\n  flex: 0 0 auto;\n\n  width: 35px;\n  height: 35px;\n\n  display: flex;\n  align-items: center;\n  justify-content: center;\n\n  color: #fff;\n\n  background:\n    rgba(255, 255, 255, .13);\n\n  border-radius: 10px;\n\n  font-size: 16px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-hero-highlight span,\n.scu-bologna-hero-highlight strong {\n  display: block;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-hero-highlight span {\n  margin-bottom: 2px;\n\n  color:\n    rgba(255, 255, 255, .65);\n\n  font-size: 10px;\n  line-height: 1.3;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-hero-highlight strong {\n  color: #fff;\n\n  font-size: 12px;\n  line-height: 1.35;\n  font-weight: 600;\n}\n\n\n\/* ============================================================\n   HERO BUTTONS\n============================================================ *\/\n\n.scu-bologna-hero-actions {\n  position: relative;\n  z-index: 2;\n\n  display: flex;\n  flex-wrap: wrap;\n\n  gap: 9px;\n\n  margin-top: 20px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-btn {\n  display: inline-flex;\n  align-items: center;\n  justify-content: center;\n\n  gap: 7px;\n\n  min-height: 40px;\n\n  padding: 9px 13px;\n\n  color: #fff !important;\n\n  background:\n    rgba(255, 255, 255, .11);\n\n  border:\n    1px solid\n    rgba(255, 255, 255, .20);\n\n  border-radius: 10px;\n\n  font-size: 12.5px;\n  line-height: 1.25;\n  font-weight: 600;\n\n  transition:\n    transform .2s ease,\n    background .2s ease;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-btn.is-primary {\n  color: #17357f !important;\n\n  background: #fff;\n\n  border-color: #fff;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-btn:hover {\n  transform: translateY(-1px);\n\n  background:\n    rgba(255, 255, 255, .18);\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-btn.is-primary:hover {\n  background: #f7f9fd;\n}\n\n\n\/* ============================================================\n   SECTION\n============================================================ *\/\n\n.scu-bologna-section {\n  margin-bottom: 26px;\n  padding: 28px;\n\n  background: #fff;\n\n  border:\n    1px solid\n    rgba(33, 58, 160, .08);\n\n  border-radius: 20px;\n\n  box-shadow:\n    0 10px 28px\n    rgba(20, 38, 86, .045);\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-section-head {\n  display: block !important;\n\n  margin-bottom: 22px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-section-head h2 {\n  display: block;\n\n  margin: 0;\n\n  color: #17357f;\n\n  font-size: 26px;\n  line-height: 1.25;\n  font-weight: 600;\n\n  letter-spacing: -.02em;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-section-head p {\n  display: block;\n\n  max-width: 1040px;\n\n  margin: 10px 0 0;\n\n  color: #5f6b82;\n\n  font-size: 15px;\n  line-height: 1.7;\n}\n\n\n\/* ============================================================\n   INTRO\n============================================================ *\/\n\n.scu-bologna-intro {\n  display: grid;\n\n  grid-template-columns:\n    minmax(0, 1.2fr)\n    minmax(310px, .8fr);\n\n  gap: 20px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-intro-main {\n  padding: 24px;\n\n  background: #f7f9fd;\n\n  border:\n    1px solid\n    rgba(23, 53, 127, .08);\n\n  border-radius: 18px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-intro-main p {\n  margin:\n    0 0\n    14px;\n\n  color: #4f5b70;\n\n  font-size: 14.5px;\n  line-height: 1.78;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-intro-main p:last-child {\n  margin-bottom: 0;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-intro-side {\n  display: grid;\n\n  gap: 10px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-fact {\n  display: flex;\n  align-items: flex-start;\n\n  gap: 11px;\n\n  padding: 14px;\n\n  background: #fff;\n\n  border:\n    1px solid\n    rgba(23, 53, 127, .09);\n\n  border-radius: 14px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-fact > i {\n  flex: 0 0 auto;\n\n  width: 35px;\n  height: 35px;\n\n  display: flex;\n  align-items: center;\n  justify-content: center;\n\n  color: #fff;\n\n  background: #17357f;\n\n  border-radius: 10px;\n\n  font-size: 15px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-fact strong,\n.scu-bologna-fact span {\n  display: block;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-fact strong {\n  margin-bottom: 3px;\n\n  color: #17357f;\n\n  font-size: 13.5px;\n  line-height: 1.4;\n  font-weight: 600;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-fact span {\n  color: #68738a;\n\n  font-size: 12.5px;\n  line-height: 1.55;\n}\n\n\n\/* ============================================================\n   TIMELINE\n============================================================ *\/\n\n.scu-bologna-timeline {\n  display: grid;\n\n  gap: 14px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-timeline-item {\n  display: grid;\n\n  grid-template-columns:\n    110px\n    minmax(0, 1fr);\n\n  gap: 18px;\n\n  padding: 18px;\n\n  background: #f7f9fd;\n\n  border:\n    1px solid\n    rgba(23, 53, 127, .08);\n\n  border-radius: 16px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-year {\n  width: fit-content;\n  min-width: 84px;\n  height: 38px;\n\n  display: flex;\n  align-items: center;\n  justify-content: center;\n\n  padding: 0 11px;\n\n  color: #fff;\n\n  background: #17357f;\n\n  border-radius: 10px;\n\n  font-size: 13px;\n  font-weight: 600;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-timeline-item.is-important\n.scu-bologna-year {\n  background: #ef3e5a;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-timeline-item h3 {\n  margin:\n    0 0\n    5px;\n\n  color: #17357f;\n\n  font-size: 16px;\n  line-height: 1.4;\n  font-weight: 600;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-timeline-item p {\n  margin: 0;\n\n  color: #68738a;\n\n  font-size: 13px;\n  line-height: 1.65;\n}\n\n\n\/* ============================================================\n   CORE TOOLS\n============================================================ *\/\n\n.scu-bologna-tool-grid {\n  display: grid;\n  grid-template-columns:\n    repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));\n\n  gap: 16px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-tool {\n  min-height: 100%;\n\n  padding: 21px;\n\n  background:\n    linear-gradient(\n      180deg,\n      #f7f9fd 0%,\n      #fff 100%\n    );\n\n  border:\n    1px solid\n    rgba(23, 53, 127, .08);\n\n  border-radius: 17px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-tool-icon {\n  width: 43px;\n  height: 43px;\n\n  display: flex;\n  align-items: center;\n  justify-content: center;\n\n  margin-bottom: 14px;\n\n  color: #fff;\n\n  background: #17357f;\n\n  border-radius: 13px;\n\n  font-size: 19px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-tool:nth-child(2)\n.scu-bologna-tool-icon {\n  background: #009b77;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-tool:nth-child(3)\n.scu-bologna-tool-icon {\n  background: #00a6d6;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-tool:nth-child(4)\n.scu-bologna-tool-icon {\n  background: #7651a8;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-tool:nth-child(5)\n.scu-bologna-tool-icon {\n  background: #c6812a;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-tool:nth-child(6)\n.scu-bologna-tool-icon {\n  background: #ef3e5a;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-tool h3 {\n  margin:\n    0 0\n    7px;\n\n  color: #17357f;\n\n  font-size: 16px;\n  line-height: 1.4;\n  font-weight: 600;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-tool p {\n  margin: 0;\n\n  color: #68738a;\n\n  font-size: 12.8px;\n  line-height: 1.65;\n}\n\n\n\/* ============================================================\n   ECTS\n============================================================ *\/\n\n.scu-ects-overview {\n  display: grid;\n\n  grid-template-columns:\n    minmax(0, 1fr)\n    330px;\n\n  gap: 20px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-ects-main {\n  padding: 24px;\n\n  background:\n    linear-gradient(\n      135deg,\n      rgba(23, 53, 127, .055),\n      rgba(0, 166, 214, .055)\n    );\n\n  border:\n    1px solid\n    rgba(23, 53, 127, .10);\n\n  border-radius: 18px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-ects-main h3 {\n  margin:\n    0 0\n    10px;\n\n  color: #17357f;\n\n  font-size: 18px;\n  line-height: 1.4;\n  font-weight: 600;\n}\n\n\n.scu-ects-main p {\n  margin:\n    0 0\n    13px;\n\n  color: #4f5b70;\n\n  font-size: 14px;\n  line-height: 1.72;\n}\n\n\n.scu-ects-main p:last-child {\n  margin-bottom: 0;\n}\n\n\n.scu-ects-stats {\n  display: grid;\n\n  gap: 10px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-ects-stat {\n  padding: 16px;\n\n  background: #f7f9fd;\n\n  border:\n    1px solid\n    rgba(23, 53, 127, .08);\n\n  border-radius: 14px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-ects-stat span,\n.scu-ects-stat strong {\n  display: block;\n}\n\n\n.scu-ects-stat span {\n  margin-bottom: 4px;\n\n  color: #68738a;\n\n  font-size: 10.5px;\n  line-height: 1.35;\n\n  text-transform: uppercase;\n\n  letter-spacing: .03em;\n}\n\n\n.scu-ects-stat strong {\n  color: #17357f;\n\n  font-size: 18px;\n  line-height: 1.3;\n  font-weight: 600;\n}\n\n\n\/* ============================================================\n   ECTS PRINCIPLES\n============================================================ *\/\n\n.scu-ects-principle-grid {\n  display: grid;\n\n  grid-template-columns:\n    repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr));\n\n  gap: 14px;\n\n  margin-top: 20px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-ects-principle {\n  padding: 17px;\n\n  background: #f7f9fd;\n\n  border:\n    1px solid\n    rgba(23, 53, 127, .08);\n\n  border-radius: 15px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-ects-principle i {\n  display: block;\n\n  margin-bottom: 10px;\n\n  color: #17357f;\n\n  font-size: 21px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-ects-principle strong {\n  display: block;\n\n  margin-bottom: 5px;\n\n  color: #17357f;\n\n  font-size: 13.5px;\n  line-height: 1.4;\n  font-weight: 600;\n}\n\n\n.scu-ects-principle p {\n  margin: 0;\n\n  color: #68738a;\n\n  font-size: 12px;\n  line-height: 1.55;\n}\n\n\n\/* ============================================================\n   CYCLES\n============================================================ *\/\n\n.scu-bologna-cycle-grid {\n  display: grid;\n  grid-template-columns:\n    repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr));\n\n  gap: 14px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-cycle {\n  min-height: 100%;\n\n  padding: 20px;\n\n  background: #f7f9fd;\n\n  border:\n    1px solid\n    rgba(23, 53, 127, .08);\n\n  border-radius: 16px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-cycle span {\n  display: inline-flex;\n\n  margin-bottom: 12px;\n  padding: 5px 8px;\n\n  color: #fff;\n\n  background: #17357f;\n\n  border-radius: 8px;\n\n  font-size: 11px;\n  font-weight: 600;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-cycle h3 {\n  margin:\n    0 0\n    6px;\n\n  color: #17357f;\n\n  font-size: 15px;\n  line-height: 1.4;\n  font-weight: 600;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-cycle strong {\n  display: block;\n\n  margin-bottom: 7px;\n\n  color: #ef3e5a;\n\n  font-size: 17px;\n  line-height: 1.3;\n  font-weight: 600;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-cycle p {\n  margin: 0;\n\n  color: #68738a;\n\n  font-size: 12.3px;\n  line-height: 1.6;\n}\n\n\n\/* ============================================================\n   TURKEY \/ Y\u00d6K\n============================================================ *\/\n\n.scu-bologna-tr-grid {\n  display: grid;\n\n  grid-template-columns:\n    repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));\n\n  gap: 16px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-tr-card {\n  min-height: 100%;\n\n  padding: 21px;\n\n  background: #f7f9fd;\n\n  border:\n    1px solid\n    rgba(23, 53, 127, .08);\n\n  border-radius: 17px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-tr-card i {\n  width: 42px;\n  height: 42px;\n\n  display: flex;\n  align-items: center;\n  justify-content: center;\n\n  margin-bottom: 13px;\n\n  color: #fff;\n\n  background: #17357f;\n\n  border-radius: 12px;\n\n  font-size: 18px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-tr-card h3 {\n  margin:\n    0 0\n    7px;\n\n  color: #17357f;\n\n  font-size: 15.5px;\n  line-height: 1.4;\n  font-weight: 600;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-tr-card p {\n  margin: 0;\n\n  color: #68738a;\n\n  font-size: 12.8px;\n  line-height: 1.65;\n}\n\n\n\/* ============================================================\n   RECOGNITION\n============================================================ *\/\n\n.scu-bologna-recognition {\n  display: grid;\n\n  grid-template-columns:\n    repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));\n\n  gap: 16px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-recognition-card {\n  padding: 21px;\n\n  background: #f7f9fd;\n\n  border:\n    1px solid\n    rgba(23, 53, 127, .08);\n\n  border-radius: 17px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-recognition-card i {\n  width: 41px;\n  height: 41px;\n\n  display: flex;\n  align-items: center;\n  justify-content: center;\n\n  margin-bottom: 13px;\n\n  color: #17357f;\n\n  background:\n    rgba(23, 53, 127, .08);\n\n  border-radius: 12px;\n\n  font-size: 18px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-recognition-card h3 {\n  margin:\n    0 0\n    7px;\n\n  color: #17357f;\n\n  font-size: 15px;\n  line-height: 1.4;\n  font-weight: 600;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-recognition-card p {\n  margin: 0;\n\n  color: #68738a;\n\n  font-size: 12.8px;\n  line-height: 1.65;\n}\n\n\n\/* ============================================================\n   QUALITY\n============================================================ *\/\n\n.scu-bologna-quality-grid {\n  display: grid;\n  grid-template-columns:\n    repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr));\n\n  gap: 14px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-quality {\n  padding: 19px;\n\n  background:\n    linear-gradient(\n      180deg,\n      #f7f9fd,\n      #fff\n    );\n\n  border:\n    1px solid\n    rgba(23, 53, 127, .08);\n\n  border-radius: 16px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-quality-badge {\n  display: inline-flex;\n\n  margin-bottom: 12px;\n  padding: 5px 8px;\n\n  color: #fff;\n\n  background: #17357f;\n\n  border-radius: 8px;\n\n  font-size: 11px;\n  font-weight: 700;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-quality h3 {\n  margin:\n    0 0\n    6px;\n\n  color: #17357f;\n\n  font-size: 15px;\n  line-height: 1.4;\n  font-weight: 600;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-quality p {\n  margin: 0;\n\n  color: #68738a;\n\n  font-size: 12.4px;\n  line-height: 1.6;\n}\n\n\n\/* ============================================================\n   LOGO ECOSYSTEM\n============================================================ *\/\n\n.scu-bologna-logo-grid {\n  display: grid;\n\n  grid-template-columns:\n    repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr));\n\n  gap: 15px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-logo-card {\n  display: flex;\n  flex-direction: column;\n\n  min-height: 215px;\n\n  padding: 19px;\n\n  color: #17357f !important;\n\n  background: #fff;\n\n  border:\n    1px solid\n    rgba(23, 53, 127, .09);\n\n  border-radius: 17px;\n\n  transition:\n    transform .2s ease,\n    border-color .2s ease,\n    box-shadow .2s ease;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-logo-box {\n  min-height: 98px;\n\n  display: flex;\n  align-items: center;\n  justify-content: center;\n\n  margin-bottom: 15px;\n  padding: 12px;\n\n  background: #f7f9fd;\n\n  border-radius: 13px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-logo-box img {\n  display: block;\n\n  width: auto;\n  max-width: 100%;\n  max-height: 76px;\n\n  object-fit: contain;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-logo-card strong {\n  display: block;\n\n  color: #17357f;\n\n  font-size: 14px;\n  line-height: 1.4;\n  font-weight: 600;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-logo-card span {\n  display: block;\n\n  margin-top: 5px;\n\n  color: #68738a;\n\n  font-size: 11.8px;\n  line-height: 1.5;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-logo-card:hover {\n  transform: translateY(-2px);\n\n  border-color:\n    rgba(23, 53, 127, .18);\n\n  box-shadow:\n    0 10px 24px\n    rgba(20, 38, 86, .06);\n}\n\n\n\/* Y\u00d6K logo fallback *\/\n\n.scu-bologna-yok-fallback {\n  display: flex;\n  align-items: center;\n  justify-content: center;\n\n  width: 84px;\n  height: 84px;\n\n  color: #17357f;\n\n  border:\n    3px solid #17357f;\n\n  border-radius: 50%;\n\n  font-size: 21px;\n  font-weight: 700;\n}\n\n\n\/* ============================================================\n   STUDENT\n============================================================ *\/\n\n.scu-bologna-student-grid {\n  display: grid;\n\n  grid-template-columns:\n    repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr));\n\n  gap: 14px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-student {\n  padding: 18px;\n\n  background: #f7f9fd;\n\n  border:\n    1px solid\n    rgba(23, 53, 127, .08);\n\n  border-radius: 15px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-student i {\n  display: block;\n\n  margin-bottom: 10px;\n\n  color: #17357f;\n\n  font-size: 21px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-student strong {\n  display: block;\n\n  margin-bottom: 5px;\n\n  color: #17357f;\n\n  font-size: 13.5px;\n  line-height: 1.4;\n  font-weight: 600;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-student p {\n  margin: 0;\n\n  color: #68738a;\n\n  font-size: 12.2px;\n  line-height: 1.55;\n}\n\n\n\/* ============================================================\n   INFO\n============================================================ *\/\n\n.scu-bologna-info,\n.scu-bologna-warning {\n  display: flex;\n  align-items: flex-start;\n\n  gap: 12px;\n\n  padding: 17px 18px;\n\n  border-radius: 15px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-info {\n  background:\n    rgba(0, 166, 214, .07);\n\n  border:\n    1px solid\n    rgba(0, 166, 214, .15);\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-warning {\n  background:\n    rgba(198, 129, 42, .08);\n\n  border:\n    1px solid\n    rgba(198, 129, 42, .17);\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-info > i {\n  color: #00a6d6;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-warning > i {\n  color: #c6812a;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-info > i,\n.scu-bologna-warning > i {\n  flex: 0 0 auto;\n\n  font-size: 19px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-info p,\n.scu-bologna-warning p {\n  margin: 0;\n\n  color: #4f5b70;\n\n  font-size: 13px;\n  line-height: 1.67;\n}\n\n\n\/* ============================================================\n   LINKS\n============================================================ *\/\n\n.scu-bologna-links {\n  display: grid;\n  grid-template-columns:\n    repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));\n\n  gap: 13px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-link {\n  position: relative;\n\n  display: flex;\n  align-items: center;\n\n  gap: 12px;\n\n  min-height: 76px;\n\n  padding:\n    14px 42px\n    14px 14px;\n\n  color: #17357f !important;\n\n  background: #f7f9fd;\n\n  border:\n    1px solid\n    rgba(23, 53, 127, .09);\n\n  border-radius: 15px;\n\n  transition:\n    transform .2s ease,\n    background .2s ease,\n    border-color .2s ease;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-link > i:first-child {\n  flex: 0 0 auto;\n\n  width: 39px;\n  height: 39px;\n\n  display: flex;\n  align-items: center;\n  justify-content: center;\n\n  color: #fff;\n\n  background: #17357f;\n\n  border-radius: 11px;\n\n  font-size: 17px;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-link div {\n  min-width: 0;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-link strong,\n.scu-bologna-link span {\n  display: block;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-link strong {\n  color: #17357f;\n\n  font-size: 13px;\n  line-height: 1.4;\n  font-weight: 600;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-link span {\n  margin-top: 3px;\n\n  color: #68738a;\n\n  font-size: 11.4px;\n  line-height: 1.45;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-link >\n.bi-arrow-up-right,\n.scu-bologna-link >\n.bi-chevron-right {\n  position: absolute;\n\n  right: 15px;\n  top: 50%;\n\n  transform: translateY(-50%);\n\n  opacity: .35;\n}\n\n\n.scu-bologna-link:hover {\n  transform: translateY(-2px);\n\n  background: #fff;\n\n  border-color:\n    rgba(23, 53, 127, .18);\n}\n\n\n\/* ============================================================\n   ACCESSIBILITY\n============================================================ *\/\n\n.scu-bologna-page a:focus-visible {\n  outline:\n    3px solid\n    #ffcc00;\n\n  outline-offset: 3px;\n}\n\n\n\/* ============================================================\n   RESPONSIVE\n============================================================ *\/\n\n@media (max-width: 1050px) {\n\n  .scu-bologna-hero-highlights,\n  .scu-ects-principle-grid,\n  .scu-bologna-cycle-grid,\n  .scu-bologna-quality-grid,\n  .scu-bologna-logo-grid,\n  .scu-bologna-student-grid {\n    grid-template-columns:\n      repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));\n  }\n\n\n  .scu-bologna-intro,\n  .scu-ects-overview {\n    grid-template-columns: 1fr;\n  }\n\n}\n\n\n@media (max-width: 850px) {\n\n  .scu-bologna-tool-grid,\n  .scu-bologna-tr-grid,\n  .scu-bologna-recognition,\n  .scu-bologna-links {\n    grid-template-columns: 1fr;\n  }\n\n}\n\n\n@media (max-width: 700px) {\n\n  .scu-bologna-page {\n    width: 100%;\n  }\n\n\n  .scu-bologna-hero {\n    padding: 28px 20px;\n\n    border-radius: 20px;\n  }\n\n\n  .scu-bologna-hero h1 {\n    font-size: 28px;\n  }\n\n\n  .scu-bologna-hero-description {\n    font-size: 14.5px;\n  }\n\n\n  .scu-bologna-hero-highlights,\n  .scu-ects-principle-grid,\n  .scu-bologna-cycle-grid,\n  .scu-bologna-quality-grid,\n  .scu-bologna-logo-grid,\n  .scu-bologna-student-grid {\n    grid-template-columns: 1fr;\n  }\n\n\n  .scu-bologna-hero-actions {\n    display: grid;\n\n    grid-template-columns: 1fr;\n  }\n\n\n  .scu-bologna-btn {\n    width: 100%;\n  }\n\n\n  .scu-bologna-section {\n    padding: 22px 18px;\n\n    border-radius: 18px;\n  }\n\n\n  .scu-bologna-section-head h2 {\n    font-size: 22px;\n  }\n\n\n  .scu-bologna-timeline-item {\n    grid-template-columns: 1fr;\n\n    gap: 11px;\n  }\n\n}\n<\/style>\n\n<section class=\"scu-bologna-page\">\n\n  <!-- =========================================================\n       HERO\n  ========================================================== -->\n  <header class=\"scu-bologna-hero\">\n\n    <span class=\"scu-bologna-eyebrow\">\n      European Higher Education Area \u00b7 Academic Transparency and Recognition\n    <\/span>\n\n    <h1>Bologna Process and ECTS<\/h1>\n\n    <p class=\"scu-bologna-hero-description\">\n      The Bologna Process is an intergovernmental cooperation process aimed at developing higher education systems in Europe within a common framework that is comparable, transparent, student-centered, and supports international mobility. ECTS, Diploma Supplement, qualifications frameworks, academic recognition, and quality assurance are among the key tools of this framework.\n    <\/p>\n\n\n    <div class=\"scu-bologna-hero-highlights\">\n\n      <div class=\"scu-bologna-hero-highlight\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-calendar-check\"><\/i>\n\n        <div>\n          <span>Bologna Process<\/span>\n          <strong>Since 1999<\/strong>\n        <\/div>\n\n      <\/div>\n\n\n      <div class=\"scu-bologna-hero-highlight\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-flag\"><\/i>\n\n        <div>\n          <span>T\u00fcrkiye<\/span>\n          <strong>Member since 2001<\/strong>\n        <\/div>\n\n      <\/div>\n\n\n      <div class=\"scu-bologna-hero-highlight\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-globe-europe-africa\"><\/i>\n\n        <div>\n          <span>European Higher Education Area<\/span>\n          <strong>49 Countries<\/strong>\n        <\/div>\n\n      <\/div>\n\n\n      <div class=\"scu-bologna-hero-highlight\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-pie-chart\"><\/i>\n\n        <div>\n          <span>ECTS<\/span>\n          <strong>60 Credits = 1 Academic Year<\/strong>\n        <\/div>\n\n      <\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n    <nav class=\"scu-bologna-hero-actions\" aria-label=\"Bologna S\u00fcreci sayfa ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131\">\n\n      <a href=\"#bologna\" class=\"scu-bologna-btn is-primary\">\n        <i class=\"bi bi-info-circle\"><\/i>\n        Bologna Process\n      <\/a>\n\n\n      <a href=\"#aya\" class=\"scu-bologna-btn\">\n        <i class=\"bi bi-globe-europe-africa\"><\/i>\n        AYA \/ EHEA\n      <\/a>\n\n\n      <a href=\"#akts\" class=\"scu-bologna-btn\">\n        <i class=\"bi bi-pie-chart\"><\/i>\n        ECTS\n      <\/a>\n\n\n      <a href=\"#turkiye\" class=\"scu-bologna-btn\">\n        <i class=\"bi bi-building\"><\/i>\n        T\u00fcrkiye and the Council of Higher Education (Y\u00d6K)\n      <\/a>\n\n\n      <a href=\"#taninma\" class=\"scu-bologna-btn\">\n        <i class=\"bi bi-patch-check\"><\/i>\n        Academic Recognition\n      <\/a>\n\n    <\/nav>\n\n  <\/header>\n\n\n  <!-- =========================================================\n       BOLOGNA S\u00dcREC\u0130\n  ========================================================== -->\n  <section class=\"scu-bologna-section scu-bologna-anchor\" id=\"bologna\">\n\n    <div class=\"scu-bologna-section-head\">\n\n      <span class=\"scu-bologna-eyebrow\">\n        General Information\n      <\/span>\n\n      <h2>What is the Bologna Process?<\/h2>\n\n      <p>\n        The Bologna Process is not so much about making European higher education systems homogenized, but rather a common reform process that ensures these systems work together in a comparable, understandable, and harmonious manner.\n      <\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n    <div class=\"scu-bologna-intro\">\n\n      <div class=\"scu-bologna-intro-main\">\n\n        <p>\n          The process began with the Bologna Declaration, signed in 1999. European countries set common goals to facilitate mobility in higher education, increase the comprehensibility of academic degrees, improve quality assurance, and facilitate the recognition of learning outcomes achieved by students in different countries.\n        <\/p>\n\n        <p>\n          The Bologna Process has resulted in the development of a common language for higher education in Europe. Undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral levels; ECTS credits; Diploma Supplement; qualifications frameworks; learning outcomes; student-centered learning; quality assurance and recognition are fundamental elements of this common language.\n        <\/p>\n\n        <p>\n          The process does not eliminate countries&#039; national higher education systems. Each country retains its own legislation, institutions, and program structures while applying the agreed-upon Bologna tools to its own higher education system.\n        <\/p>\n\n      <\/div>\n\n\n      <div class=\"scu-bologna-intro-side\">\n\n        <div class=\"scu-bologna-fact\">\n\n          <i class=\"bi bi-arrow-left-right\"><\/i>\n\n          <div>\n            <strong>Mobility<\/strong>\n            <span>\n              Facilitating the mobility of students and staff between countries and institutions.\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n\n        <div class=\"scu-bologna-fact\">\n\n          <i class=\"bi bi-patch-check\"><\/i>\n\n          <div>\n            <strong>Recognition<\/strong>\n            <span>\n              Fair recognition of degrees and study periods completed abroad.\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n\n        <div class=\"scu-bologna-fact\">\n\n          <i class=\"bi bi-shield-check\"><\/i>\n\n          <div>\n            <strong>Quality assurance<\/strong>\n            <span>\n              Developing common quality principles that build mutual trust across Europe.\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n\n        <div class=\"scu-bologna-fact\">\n\n          <i class=\"bi bi-person-check\"><\/i>\n\n          <div>\n            <strong>Student-Centered Education<\/strong>\n            <span>\n              Placing learning outcomes and student workload at the center of educational design.\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n      <\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n    <div class=\"scu-bologna-warning\" style=\"margin-top:18px;\">\n\n      <i class=\"bi bi-exclamation-circle\"><\/i>\n\n      <p>\n        <strong>The Bologna Process is not a uniform education system.<\/strong>\n        This does not require all universities in Europe to use the same courses, the same grading system, or the same curriculum. The aim is to make different higher education systems more understandable, comparable, and compatible with each other.\n      <\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/section>\n\n\n  <!-- =========================================================\n       TAR\u0130H\u00c7E\n  ========================================================== -->\n  <section class=\"scu-bologna-section\">\n\n    <div class=\"scu-bologna-section-head\">\n\n      <span class=\"scu-bologna-eyebrow\">\n        History\n      <\/span>\n\n      <h2>The Development of the Bologna Process<\/h2>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n    <div class=\"scu-bologna-timeline\">\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-timeline-item\">\n\n        <div class=\"scu-bologna-year\">\n          1998\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div>\n\n          <h3>Sorbonne Declaration<\/h3>\n\n          <p>\n            A significant political step has been taken towards improving the harmonization of higher education structures in Europe.\n          <\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-timeline-item is-important\">\n\n        <div class=\"scu-bologna-year\">\n          1999\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div>\n\n          <h3>Bologna Declaration<\/h3>\n\n          <p>\n            The Bologna Process has officially begun, setting common goals to increase the comparability of European higher education systems.\n          <\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-timeline-item is-important\">\n\n        <div class=\"scu-bologna-year\">\n          2001\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div>\n\n          <h3>T\u00fcrkiye&#039;s Participation<\/h3>\n\n          <p>\n            T\u00fcrkiye became an active participant in European higher education reforms by joining the Bologna Process during the Prague Ministerial Conference.\n          <\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-timeline-item\">\n\n        <div class=\"scu-bologna-year\">\n          2005\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div>\n\n          <h3>Quality Assurance and Competencies<\/h3>\n\n          <p>\n            In the Bergen process, quality assurance standards and the European Higher Education Area qualifications framework became fundamental components of the Bologna implementation.\n          <\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-timeline-item is-important\">\n\n        <div class=\"scu-bologna-year\">\n          2010\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div>\n\n          <h3>European Higher Education Area<\/h3>\n\n          <p>\n            The European Higher Education Area (EHEA) was officially launched at the Budapest-Vienna Ministerial Conference.\n          <\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-timeline-item\">\n\n        <div class=\"scu-bologna-year\">\n          2015\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div>\n\n          <h3>ESG 2015<\/h3>\n\n          <p>\n            The latest European Standards and Guidelines on quality assurance in the European Higher Education Area have been adopted.\n          <\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-timeline-item\">\n\n        <div class=\"scu-bologna-year\">\n          2018\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div>\n\n          <h3>Basic Bologna Commitments<\/h3>\n\n          <p>\n            The three-tier degree structure and ECTS, along with recognition in line with the Lisbon Recognition Agreement and ESG-compliant quality assurance, have been strengthened as key commitments.\n          <\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-timeline-item\">\n\n        <div class=\"scu-bologna-year\">\n          2024\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div>\n\n          <h3>Tirana Ministerial Conference<\/h3>\n\n          <p>\n            The priorities, core values, social dimension, mobility, recognition, learning and teaching issues of the European Higher Education Area for the coming period were reviewed.\n          <\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/section>\n\n\n  <!-- =========================================================\n       AYA \/ EHEA\n  ========================================================== -->\n  <section class=\"scu-bologna-section scu-bologna-anchor\" id=\"aya\">\n\n    <div class=\"scu-bologna-section-head\">\n\n      <span class=\"scu-bologna-eyebrow\">\n        European Higher Education Area\n      <\/span>\n\n      <h2>European Higher Education Area \u2013 EHEA<\/h2>\n\n      <p>\n        The European Higher Education Area is a higher education cooperation area where common policies and instruments developed within the Bologna Process are implemented.\n      <\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n    <div class=\"scu-bologna-tool-grid\">\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-tool\">\n\n        <div class=\"scu-bologna-tool-icon\">\n          <i class=\"bi bi-layers\"><\/i>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <h3>Three-Stage Structure<\/h3>\n\n        <p>\n          Defining undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral levels within a comparable framework. Short-term qualifications can also be included in the system.\n        <\/p>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-tool\">\n\n        <div class=\"scu-bologna-tool-icon\">\n          <i class=\"bi bi-pie-chart\"><\/i>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <h3>ECTS<\/h3>\n\n        <p>\n          The European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System is based on learning outcomes and student workload.\n        <\/p>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-tool\">\n\n        <div class=\"scu-bologna-tool-icon\">\n          <i class=\"bi bi-file-earmark-richtext\"><\/i>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <h3>Diploma Supplement<\/h3>\n\n        <p>\n          A supplementary document that describes the level, content, and academic outcomes of the acquired qualification according to international standards.\n        <\/p>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-tool\">\n\n        <div class=\"scu-bologna-tool-icon\">\n          <i class=\"bi bi-diagram-3\"><\/i>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <h3>Competency Frameworks<\/h3>\n\n        <p>\n          QF-EHEA and national qualifications frameworks ensure that degrees are defined not only by their names but also by their levels and learning outcomes.\n        <\/p>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-tool\">\n\n        <div class=\"scu-bologna-tool-icon\">\n          <i class=\"bi bi-patch-check\"><\/i>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <h3>Academic Recognition<\/h3>\n\n        <p>\n          Degrees and study periods completed abroad should be assessed fairly in accordance with the principles of the Lisbon Recognition Convention.\n        <\/p>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-tool\">\n\n        <div class=\"scu-bologna-tool-icon\">\n          <i class=\"bi bi-shield-check\"><\/i>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <h3>Quality assurance<\/h3>\n\n        <p>\n          Organizations and quality assurance agencies should work together with common quality principles in line with ESG.\n        <\/p>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n    <div class=\"scu-bologna-info\" style=\"margin-top:18px;\">\n\n      <i class=\"bi bi-diagram-2\"><\/i>\n\n      <p>\n        <strong>BFUG \u2013 Bologna Follow-Up Group<\/strong>,It is the main executive structure that monitors the development of the European Higher Education Area and the implementation of the Bologna commitments during the period between Ministerial Conferences.\n      <\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/section>\n\n\n  <!-- =========================================================\n       AKTS\n  ========================================================== -->\n  <section class=\"scu-bologna-section scu-bologna-anchor\" id=\"akts\">\n\n    <div class=\"scu-bologna-section-head\">\n\n      <span class=\"scu-bologna-eyebrow\">\n        European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System\n      <\/span>\n\n      <h2>ECTS \u2013 European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System<\/h2>\n\n      <p>\n        ECTS is a student-centered credit system based on the total workload and learning outcomes a student is expected to achieve to successfully complete a course or component of education.\n      <\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n    <div class=\"scu-ects-overview\">\n\n      <div class=\"scu-ects-main\">\n\n        <h3>ECTS is not just about class hours.<\/h3>\n\n        <p>\n          ECTS credits are not determined solely by the time a student spends in class. Lectures, practice, laboratory work, projects, individual study, exam preparation, exams, internships, and other academic work necessary to achieve learning outcomes are all part of the total student workload.\n        <\/p>\n\n        <p>\n          Full-time student workload in an academic year\n          <strong>60 ECTS<\/strong> ECTS credits are earned when a student successfully achieves the defined learning outcomes.\n        <\/p>\n\n        <p>\n          ECTS both <strong>transfer<\/strong> as well as\n          <strong>accumulation<\/strong> It has a function that facilitates the academic recognition of credits earned at one institution within another institution or mobility period.\n        <\/p>\n\n      <\/div>\n\n\n      <div class=\"scu-ects-stats\">\n\n        <div class=\"scu-ects-stat\">\n          <span>Full Academic Year<\/span>\n          <strong>60 ECTS<\/strong>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"scu-ects-stat\">\n          <span>One Semester<\/span>\n          <strong>Approximately 30 ECTS<\/strong>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"scu-ects-stat\">\n          <span>SCU \/ T\u00fcrkiye Application<\/span>\n          <strong>1 ECTS \u2248 25\u201330 Hours<\/strong>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"scu-ects-stat\">\n          <span>Basic Approach<\/span>\n          <strong>Workload + Learning Outcome<\/strong>\n        <\/div>\n\n      <\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n    <div class=\"scu-ects-principle-grid\">\n\n      <article class=\"scu-ects-principle\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-bullseye\"><\/i>\n\n        <strong>Learning Outcomes<\/strong>\n\n        <p>\n          The program defines what the student will know, understand, and be able to do by the end of their education.\n        <\/p>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n\n      <article class=\"scu-ects-principle\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-clock\"><\/i>\n\n        <strong>Student Workload<\/strong>\n\n        <p>\n          The total study time required to achieve the learning outcomes is taken into account.\n        <\/p>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n\n      <article class=\"scu-ects-principle\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-arrow-left-right\"><\/i>\n\n        <strong>Credit Transfer<\/strong>\n\n        <p>\n          It facilitates the recognition of academic credits earned at another institution.\n        <\/p>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n\n      <article class=\"scu-ects-principle\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-plus-circle\"><\/i>\n\n        <strong>Credit Accumulation<\/strong>\n\n        <p>\n          It allows the credits earned by the student throughout the program to accumulate towards the degree.\n        <\/p>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/section>\n\n\n  <!-- =========================================================\n       KADEMELER\n  ========================================================== -->\n  <section class=\"scu-bologna-section\">\n\n    <div class=\"scu-bologna-section-head\">\n\n      <span class=\"scu-bologna-eyebrow\">\n        Competency Structure\n      <\/span>\n\n      <h2>Higher Education Levels and ECTS in T\u00fcrkiye<\/h2>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n    <div class=\"scu-bologna-cycle-grid\">\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-cycle\">\n\n        <span>TYY\u00c7 Level 5<\/span>\n\n        <h3>Associate&#039;s Degree<\/h3>\n\n        <strong>120 ECTS<\/strong>\n\n        <p>\n          Generally, these are two-year short-term higher education programs.\n        <\/p>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-cycle\">\n\n        <span>TYY\u00c7 Level 6<\/span>\n\n        <h3>Licence<\/h3>\n\n        <strong>240 ECTS<\/strong>\n\n        <p>\n          This is the total credit load for standard four-year undergraduate programs in T\u00fcrkiye.\n        <\/p>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-cycle\">\n\n        <span>TYY\u00c7 Level 7<\/span>\n\n        <h3>Degree<\/h3>\n\n        <strong>60\u2013120 ECTS<\/strong>\n\n        <p>\n          Depending on the program type and structure, these are either thesis-based or non-thesis-based second-level programs.\n        <\/p>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-cycle\">\n\n        <span>TYY\u00c7 Level 8<\/span>\n\n        <h3>Doctorate<\/h3>\n\n        <strong>Third Level<\/strong>\n\n        <p>\n          It is a third-level higher education qualification based on research and advanced learning outcomes.\n        <\/p>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/section>\n\n\n  <!-- =========================================================\n       T\u00dcRK\u0130YE VE Y\u00d6K\n  ========================================================== -->\n  <section class=\"scu-bologna-section scu-bologna-anchor\" id=\"turkiye\">\n\n    <div class=\"scu-bologna-section-head\">\n\n      <span class=\"scu-bologna-eyebrow\">\n        T\u00fcrkiye\n      <\/span>\n\n      <h2>Y\u00d6K (Council of Higher Education), Turkish Qualifications Framework, and the Bologna Process<\/h2>\n\n      <p>\n        The Council of Higher Education is one of the key institutions at the national higher education level in T\u00fcrkiye&#039;s efforts to align with the European Higher Education Area.\n      <\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n    <div class=\"scu-bologna-tr-grid\">\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-tr-card\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-building\"><\/i>\n\n        <h3>Council of Higher Education \u2013 Y\u00d6K<\/h3>\n\n        <p>\n          Within the framework of its national mandates regarding the planning, coordination, and management of the Turkish higher education system, T\u00fcrkiye carries out harmonization efforts with the Bologna Process and the European Higher Education Area.\n        <\/p>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-tr-card\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-diagram-3\"><\/i>\n\n        <h3>TYY\u00c7<\/h3>\n\n        <p>\n          The Turkish Higher Education Qualifications Framework defines higher education qualifications at levels 5, 6, 7, and 8 in terms of learning outcomes, credits, and qualification types.\n        <\/p>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-tr-card\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-patch-check\"><\/i>\n\n        <h3>Relationship between TY\u00c7 and TYY\u00c7<\/h3>\n\n        <p>\n          The Turkish Qualifications Framework (TY\u00c7) is a national framework covering all education and qualification levels. TYY\u00c7 refers to the section of this framework related to higher education.\n        <\/p>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-tr-card\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-card-list\"><\/i>\n\n        <h3>Program Competencies<\/h3>\n\n        <p>\n          The objectives, learning outcomes, course outcomes, and ECTS structure of educational programs are linked to program competencies.\n        <\/p>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-tr-card\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-person-check\"><\/i>\n\n        <h3>Student-Centered Learning<\/h3>\n\n        <p>\n          Course design considers not only the instructional content but also the student&#039;s learning outcomes and the workload required to achieve those outcomes.\n        <\/p>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-tr-card\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-shield-check\"><\/i>\n\n        <h3>Y\u00d6KAK<\/h3>\n\n        <p>\n          The Higher Education Quality Board is the national institution for the higher education quality assurance system in T\u00fcrkiye and works in conjunction with European quality assurance structures.\n        <\/p>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/section>\n\n\n  <!-- =========================================================\n       TANINMA\n  ========================================================== -->\n  <section class=\"scu-bologna-section scu-bologna-anchor\" id=\"taninma\">\n\n    <div class=\"scu-bologna-section-head\">\n\n      <span class=\"scu-bologna-eyebrow\">\n        Recognition of Qualifications\n      <\/span>\n\n      <h2>Academic Recognition, ENIC-NARIC and the Lisbon Treaty<\/h2>\n\n      <p>\n        Academic recognition is a fundamental element of the Bologna Process, not only in terms of mobility but also in terms of the mutual understanding of higher education qualifications between countries.\n      <\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n    <div class=\"scu-bologna-recognition\">\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-recognition-card\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-journal-check\"><\/i>\n\n        <h3>Lisbon Convention Recognition<\/h3>\n\n        <p>\n          The convention, adopted by the Council of Europe and UNESCO in 1997, is the fundamental international legal framework for the fair assessment of higher education qualifications in the European region.\n        <\/p>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-recognition-card\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-globe2\"><\/i>\n\n        <h3>ENIC-NARIC Networks<\/h3>\n\n        <p>\n          It is a European network of national centers providing official information on countries&#039; education systems, recognized higher education institutions, qualifications, and academic recognition procedures.\n        <\/p>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-recognition-card\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-building-check\"><\/i>\n\n        <h3>ENIC-NARIC T\u00fcrkiye<\/h3>\n\n        <p>\n          T\u00fcrkiye&#039;s official ENIC-NARIC center operates within the Recognition and Equivalence Services Department of the Council of Higher Education.\n        <\/p>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n    <div class=\"scu-bologna-info\" style=\"margin-top:18px;\">\n\n      <i class=\"bi bi-info-circle\"><\/i>\n\n      <p>\n        <strong>Academic recognition and equivalence are not the same concept.<\/strong>\n        The process of recognizing courses taken during a mobility period under Erasmus+ in an academic program and the process of obtaining equivalency for a foreign higher education degree in T\u00fcrkiye are different procedures.\n      <\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/section>\n\n\n  <!-- =========================================================\n       KAL\u0130TE G\u00dcVENCES\u0130\n  ========================================================== -->\n  <section class=\"scu-bologna-section\">\n\n    <div class=\"scu-bologna-section-head\">\n\n      <span class=\"scu-bologna-eyebrow\">\n        Quality Assurance\n      <\/span>\n\n      <h2>ESG, ENQA, EQAR and Y\u00d6KAK<\/h2>\n\n      <p>\n        For the Bologna Process to be sustainable, different countries need to be able to trust each other&#039;s higher education quality systems. The European quality assurance framework supports this mutual trust.\n      <\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n    <div class=\"scu-bologna-quality-grid\">\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-quality\">\n\n        <span class=\"scu-bologna-quality-badge\">\n          ESG\n        <\/span>\n\n        <h3>European Standards and Guidelines<\/h3>\n\n        <p>\n          It establishes a common quality framework for internal quality assurance, external quality assurance, and quality agencies within the European Higher Education Area.\n        <\/p>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-quality\">\n\n        <span class=\"scu-bologna-quality-badge\">\n          ENQA\n        <\/span>\n\n        <h3>European Association for Quality Assurance<\/h3>\n\n        <p>\n          It is the main European-level organization bringing together quality assurance agencies in the European Higher Education Area.\n        <\/p>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-quality\">\n\n        <span class=\"scu-bologna-quality-badge\">\n          EQAR\n        <\/span>\n\n        <h3>European Quality Assurance Register<\/h3>\n\n        <p>\n          ESG&#8217;ye \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde uyum sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilen\n          kalite g\u00fcvencesi ajanslar\u0131n\u0131n yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Avrupa\n          Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim Alan\u0131n\u0131n resm\u00ee sicilidir.\n        <\/p>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-quality\">\n\n        <span class=\"scu-bologna-quality-badge\">\n          Y\u00d6KAK\n        <\/span>\n\n        <h3>Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim Kalite Kurulu<\/h3>\n\n        <p>\n          T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim kalite g\u00fcvencesi kurumudur.\n          Y\u00d6KAK, ENQA \u00fcyesidir ve EQAR sicilinde kay\u0131tl\u0131d\u0131r.\n        <\/p>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/section>\n\n\n  <!-- =========================================================\n       BOLOGNA EKOS\u0130STEM\u0130 \/ LOGOLAR\n  ========================================================== -->\n  <section class=\"scu-bologna-section\">\n\n    <div class=\"scu-bologna-section-head\">\n\n      <span class=\"scu-bologna-eyebrow\">\n        Kurumlar ve A\u011flar\n      <\/span>\n\n      <h2>Bologna ve Tan\u0131nma Ekosistemi<\/h2>\n\n      <p>\n        Bologna S\u00fcreci tek bir kurum taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen bir sistem\n        de\u011fildir. Ulusal otoriteler, Avrupa d\u00fczeyindeki a\u011flar,\n        kalite kurumlar\u0131 ve tan\u0131nma merkezleri birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.\n      <\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n    <div class=\"scu-bologna-logo-grid\">\n\n\n      <!-- Y\u00d6K -->\n      <a class=\"scu-bologna-logo-card\" href=\"https:\/\/www.yok.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\n        <div class=\"scu-bologna-logo-box\">\n\n          <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/brand_yok.png\" alt=\"Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim Kurulu Y\u00d6K\" loading=\"lazy\">\n\n        <\/div>\n\n        <strong>Council of Higher Education \u2013 Y\u00d6K<\/strong>\n\n        <span>\n          T\u00fcrkiye y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim sistemi, Bologna S\u00fcreci,\n          TYY\u00c7, tan\u0131ma ve denklik.\n        <\/span>\n\n      <\/a>\n\n\n      <!-- EHEA -->\n      <a class=\"scu-bologna-logo-card\" href=\"https:\/\/ehea.info\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\n        <div class=\"scu-bologna-logo-box\">\n\n          <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:FilePath\/European%20Higher%20Education%20Area%20Logo.png\" alt=\"European Higher Education Area EHEA\" loading=\"lazy\">\n\n        <\/div>\n\n        <strong>\n          European Higher Education Area\n        <\/strong>\n\n        <span>\n          Bologna S\u00fcrecinin Avrupa d\u00fczeyindeki ortak\n          y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim alan\u0131.\n        <\/span>\n\n      <\/a>\n\n\n      <!-- ENIC NARIC -->\n      <a class=\"scu-bologna-logo-card\" href=\"https:\/\/www.enic-naric.net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\n        <div class=\"scu-bologna-logo-box\">\n\n          <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.coe.int\/documents\/27671768\/38115728\/ENIC-NARIC%2Blogo\/cc946cd4-a611-7a6b-2023-c38717205ed7?t=1661412722000\" alt=\"ENIC NARIC\" loading=\"lazy\">\n\n        <\/div>\n\n        <strong>ENIC-NARIC Networks<\/strong>\n\n        <span>\n          Yeterliliklerin tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ve ulusal y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim\n          sistemleri i\u00e7in resm\u00ee bilgi a\u011f\u0131.\n        <\/span>\n\n      <\/a>\n\n\n      <!-- EUROPASS -->\n      <a class=\"scu-bologna-logo-card\" href=\"https:\/\/europass.europa.eu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\n        <div class=\"scu-bologna-logo-box\">\n\n          <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:FilePath\/Europass%20-%20European%20Union%20-%20Logo.svg\" alt=\"Europass\" loading=\"lazy\">\n\n        <\/div>\n\n        <strong>Europass<\/strong>\n\n        <span>\n          Becerilerin, yeterliliklerin ve Diploma Eki gibi\n          e\u011fitim belgelerinin Avrupa \u00e7ap\u0131nda anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131\n          destekleyen sistem.\n        <\/span>\n\n      <\/a>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/section>\n\n\n  <!-- =========================================================\n       \u00d6\u011eRENC\u0130 A\u00c7ISINDAN\n  ========================================================== -->\n  <section class=\"scu-bologna-section\">\n\n    <div class=\"scu-bologna-section-head\">\n\n      <span class=\"scu-bologna-eyebrow\">\n        \u00d6\u011frenci A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan\n      <\/span>\n\n      <h2>Bologna S\u00fcreci \u00d6\u011frenci \u0130\u00e7in Ne Anlama Gelir?<\/h2>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n    <div class=\"scu-bologna-student-grid\">\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-student\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-book\"><\/i>\n\n        <strong>Ders Bilgilerine Eri\u015fim<\/strong>\n\n        <p>\n          Derslerin ama\u00e7, i\u00e7erik, \u00f6\u011frenme kazan\u0131mlar\u0131,\n          de\u011ferlendirme ve AKTS bilgilerinin a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde\n          yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131.\n        <\/p>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-student\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-airplane\"><\/i>\n\n        <strong>Uluslararas\u0131 Hareketlilik<\/strong>\n\n        <p>\n          Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ge\u00e7irilen \u00f6\u011frenim d\u00f6nemlerinin daha\n          kolay planlanmas\u0131 ve akademik olarak tan\u0131nmas\u0131.\n        <\/p>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-student\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-file-earmark-richtext\"><\/i>\n\n        <strong>Diploma Supplement<\/strong>\n\n        <p>\n          Mezun olunan program\u0131n ve kazan\u0131lan yeterlili\u011fin\n          ba\u015fka \u00fclkelerde daha kolay anla\u015f\u0131labilmesi.\n        <\/p>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n\n      <article class=\"scu-bologna-student\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-arrow-left-right\"><\/i>\n\n        <strong>Credit Transfer<\/strong>\n\n        <p>\n          Ba\u015fka bir kurumda ba\u015far\u0131yla tamamlanan akademik\n          \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n AKTS ve tan\u0131nma ara\u00e7lar\u0131yla programa\n          aktar\u0131labilmesi.\n        <\/p>\n\n      <\/article>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/section>\n\n\n  <!-- =========================================================\n       SC\u00dc \u0130\u00c7 BA\u011eLANTILAR\n  ========================================================== -->\n  <section class=\"scu-bologna-section\">\n\n    <div class=\"scu-bologna-section-head\">\n\n      <span class=\"scu-bologna-eyebrow\">\n        SC\u00dc Rehberleri\n      <\/span>\n\n      <h2>\u0130lgili Bilgilendirme Sayfalar\u0131<\/h2>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n    <div class=\"scu-bologna-links\">\n\n      <a class=\"scu-bologna-link\" href=\"\/en\/ects-grading-scheme\/\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-table\"><\/i>\n\n        <div>\n          <strong>ECTS Conversion Table<\/strong>\n          <span>Notland\u0131rma, AKTS ve y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim d\u00fczeyleri<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-chevron-right\"><\/i>\n\n      <\/a>\n\n\n      <a class=\"scu-bologna-link\" href=\"\/en\/diploma-supplement\/\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-file-earmark-richtext\"><\/i>\n\n        <div>\n          <strong>Diploma Supplement<\/strong>\n          <span>Diploma Supplement hakk\u0131nda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-chevron-right\"><\/i>\n\n      <\/a>\n\n\n      <a class=\"scu-bologna-link\" href=\"\/en\/recognition\/\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-patch-check\"><\/i>\n\n        <div>\n          <strong>Recognition Procedures<\/strong>\n          <span>Erasmus+ \u00f6\u011frenim ve staj tan\u0131nma s\u00fcre\u00e7leri<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-chevron-right\"><\/i>\n\n      <\/a>\n\n\n      <a class=\"scu-bologna-link\" href=\"https:\/\/obs.cumhuriyet.edu.tr\/oibs\/bologna\/index.aspx?lang=tr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-journal-text\"><\/i>\n\n        <div>\n          <strong>SC\u00dc Bologna Ders Bilgi Sistemi<\/strong>\n          <span>Program, m\u00fcfredat ve ders bilgileri<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-arrow-up-right\"><\/i>\n\n      <\/a>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/section>\n\n\n  <!-- =========================================================\n       RESM\u0130 KAYNAKLAR\n  ========================================================== -->\n  <section class=\"scu-bologna-section\">\n\n    <div class=\"scu-bologna-section-head\">\n\n      <span class=\"scu-bologna-eyebrow\">\n        Resm\u00ee Kaynaklar\n      <\/span>\n\n      <h2>Bologna, AKTS ve Tan\u0131nma Kaynaklar\u0131<\/h2>\n\n      <p>\n        Bologna S\u00fcreci, AKTS, akademik tan\u0131nma ve kalite\n        g\u00fcvencesine ili\u015fkin g\u00fcncel bilgilere resm\u00ee kurumsal\n        kaynaklardan eri\u015febilirsiniz.\n      <\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n    <div class=\"scu-bologna-links\">\n\n\n      <a class=\"scu-bologna-link\" href=\"https:\/\/ehea.info\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-globe-europe-africa\"><\/i>\n\n        <div>\n          <strong>EHEA<\/strong>\n          <span>Avrupa Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim Alan\u0131 resm\u00ee sitesi<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-arrow-up-right\"><\/i>\n\n      <\/a>\n\n\n      <a class=\"scu-bologna-link\" href=\"https:\/\/uluslararasi.yok.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-building\"><\/i>\n\n        <div>\n          <strong>Y\u00d6K Uluslararas\u0131<\/strong>\n          <span>Bologna S\u00fcreci ve TYY\u00c7<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-arrow-up-right\"><\/i>\n\n      <\/a>\n\n\n      <a class=\"scu-bologna-link\" href=\"https:\/\/education.ec.europa.eu\/education-levels\/higher-education\/inclusive-and-connected-higher-education\/european-credit-transfer-and-accumulation-system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-pie-chart\"><\/i>\n\n        <div>\n          <strong>European Commission \u2013 ECTS<\/strong>\n          <span>Avrupa Kredi Transfer ve Biriktirme Sistemi<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-arrow-up-right\"><\/i>\n\n      <\/a>\n\n\n      <a class=\"scu-bologna-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.enic-naric.net\/page-Turkiye\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-globe2\"><\/i>\n\n        <div>\n          <strong>ENIC-NARIC T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong>\n          <span>T\u00fcrkiye y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim ve tan\u0131nma bilgileri<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-arrow-up-right\"><\/i>\n\n      <\/a>\n\n\n      <a class=\"scu-bologna-link\" href=\"https:\/\/denklik.yok.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-patch-check\"><\/i>\n\n        <div>\n          <strong>Y\u00d6K Tan\u0131ma ve Denklik<\/strong>\n          <span>Yabanc\u0131 y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim yeterlilikleri<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-arrow-up-right\"><\/i>\n\n      <\/a>\n\n\n      <a class=\"scu-bologna-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.coe.int\/en\/web\/higher-education-and-research\/lisbon-recognition-convention\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-journal-check\"><\/i>\n\n        <div>\n          <strong>Lisbon Convention Recognition<\/strong>\n          <span>Avrupa Konseyi resm\u00ee kayna\u011f\u0131<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-arrow-up-right\"><\/i>\n\n      <\/a>\n\n\n      <a class=\"scu-bologna-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.enqa.eu\/esg-standards-and-guidelines-for-quality-assurance-in-the-european-higher-education-area\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-shield-check\"><\/i>\n\n        <div>\n          <strong>ENQA \u2013 ESG<\/strong>\n          <span>Avrupa kalite g\u00fcvencesi standartlar\u0131<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-arrow-up-right\"><\/i>\n\n      <\/a>\n\n\n      <a class=\"scu-bologna-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.eqar.eu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-list-check\"><\/i>\n\n        <div>\n          <strong>EQAR<\/strong>\n          <span>Avrupa kalite g\u00fcvencesi ajanslar\u0131 sicili<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-arrow-up-right\"><\/i>\n\n      <\/a>\n\n\n      <a class=\"scu-bologna-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.yokak.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-award\"><\/i>\n\n        <div>\n          <strong>Y\u00d6KAK<\/strong>\n          <span>T\u00fcrkiye y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim kalite g\u00fcvencesi<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-arrow-up-right\"><\/i>\n\n      <\/a>\n\n\n      <a class=\"scu-bologna-link\" href=\"https:\/\/europass.europa.eu\/tr\/what-europass-1\/education-and-training\/diploma-eki\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-file-earmark-text\"><\/i>\n\n        <div>\n          <strong>Europass Diploma Supplement<\/strong>\n          <span>Diploma Supplement resm\u00ee Avrupa kayna\u011f\u0131<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <i class=\"bi bi-arrow-up-right\"><\/i>\n\n      <\/a>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/section>\n\n<\/section>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Avrupa Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim Alan\u0131 \u00b7 Akademik \u015eeffafl\u0131k ve Tan\u0131nma Bologna S\u00fcreci ve AKTS Bologna S\u00fcreci; Avrupa&#8217;daki y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim sistemlerinin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir, \u015feffaf, \u00f6\u011frenci merkezli ve uluslararas\u0131 hareketlili\u011fi destekleyen ortak bir yap\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde geli\u015fmesini ama\u00e7layan h\u00fck\u00fcmetler aras\u0131 i\u015f birli\u011fi s\u00fcrecidir. AKTS, Diploma Eki, yeterlilik \u00e7er\u00e7eveleri, akademik tan\u0131nma ve kalite g\u00fcvencesi bu yap\u0131n\u0131n temel ara\u00e7lar\u0131 aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bologna S\u00fcreci 1999&#8217;dan Beri [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":980,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"jetpack_seo_schema_type":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-10313","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":7}},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/PfKvKT-2Gl","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/erasmus.cumhuriyet.edu.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10313","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/erasmus.cumhuriyet.edu.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/erasmus.cumhuriyet.edu.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/erasmus.cumhuriyet.edu.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/erasmus.cumhuriyet.edu.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10313"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/erasmus.cumhuriyet.edu.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10313\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10329,"href":"https:\/\/erasmus.cumhuriyet.edu.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10313\/revisions\/10329"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/erasmus.cumhuriyet.edu.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/980"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/erasmus.cumhuriyet.edu.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10313"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}